| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module serve as instruments that change sunlight to electricity using solar cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a device that collects sunlight to generate heat, usually used for water heating or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for hot water production, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a green and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, notable attractions, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a mixed landscape of rolling hills, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that mix history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental radiance emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of power resulting from the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers innumerable appliances and systems, facilitating today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, power supplies, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that stores chemical energy and transforms it into current to operate various electronic devices. It consists of multiple electrochemical units, each housing positive and negative electrodes interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly energy option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a device that converts DC created by solar panels into AC suitable for household use and grid connection. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and ensuring reliable, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction cyclically, usually used in home and business power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that controls the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It ensures efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to determine the extent, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes instruments like scales, climate gauges, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge installations that harness sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a renewable and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves installing photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This electricity is then sent wirelessly to Earth for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems save excess power generated from renewable energy or the power grid for future use, improving energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, reduce energy expenses, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels documents the development and advancements in photovoltaic tech from the initial finding of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency solar arrays. It features major breakthroughs, including the creation of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous developments that have significantly improved energy conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French scientist noted for his innovative work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescent phenomena. His research laid the basis for grasping how illumination interacts with certain substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research formed the basis for the creation of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American innovator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a prestigious R&D organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the source of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its crucial role in the production of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a solid, fragile crystalline material with a bluish-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact device installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method improves system performance, facilitates improved performance oversight, and boosts energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar panels to offer a green and renewable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a basic particle representing a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which specific substances transform sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core foundation behind solar cell technology, facilitating the harnessing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the base for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar power system characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a more affordable price. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, fixtures, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the identical voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the velocity at which electricity flows by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear, and green energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of energy conversion in the metric system, indicating the measure of energy flow or transformation. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which causes the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the energy per individual charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of voltage, electric potential difference, and voltage in the metric system. It measures the voltage per coulomb between locations in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor, typically measured in A. It is necessary for powering electronic equipment and enabling the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the standard of electric current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the movement of electrical charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and size of power systems to maintain reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is often used for recharging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that changes DC from supplies like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the application of common electrical appliances in locations where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack serves as an collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the position of photovoltaic panels to track the sun movement throughout the daytime, optimizing solar energy capture. This system increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by maintaining ideal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the energy production of solar panel setups by regularly modifying the operating point to align with the peak power point of the solar cells. This procedure ensures the best performance power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that observes and evaluates the efficiency of solar panel systems in real-time, delivering valuable data on power output and system condition. It aids maximize solar energy generation by spotting problems promptly and securing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to power homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of many small silicon lattice structures, typically used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its production involves fusing and recrystallizing silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline structure appropriate for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a continuous lattice structure, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its homogeneous formation allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in higher performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a type of thin film solar system that presents a economical and high-performance option for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are known as their excellent absorption capability and relatively reduced manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic devices that utilize a layered material of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into power efficiently. They are recognized for their high absorption efficiency, bendability, and potential for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a disordered molecular configuration, making it more flexible and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic components due to its economic advantage and versatile properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize multiple p-n junctions arranged together to capture a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly boosting their efficiency. They are primarily used in space missions and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that convert sunlight into electricity to power onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, robust, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or reflectors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is suitable for massive solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, providing a economical option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a thin film of copper indium gallium selenide as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These coatings are crucial in electronics, optics, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a stratum of compound ranging from fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in depth, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are high-precision devices used to precisely measure small distances or thicknesses, typically in mechanical engineering and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a thin, round slice of silicon crystal used as the substrate for constructing semiconductor devices. It acts as the foundational material in the creation of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are flexible solar units famous for their high efficiency and adaptability, ideal for various uses. They use a multilayer semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight straight into electricity with outstanding efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert solar energy directly into electricity using PV cells, offering a renewable energy source for household, business, and utility-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that use organic materials, to transform sun's energy into electricity. They are lightweight, bendable, and enable cost-effective, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential electronic compound used in laminate solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as roofing, building exteriors, and windows. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a light film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, improves energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations overview various massive solar energy plants around the planet, showcasing their output and sites. These plants play a crucial role in sustainable energy generation and global efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are extensive installations that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in clean energy production, reducing reliance on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as contamination, global warming, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water. It offers a sustainable solution to fossil fuels, reducing environmental harm and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, crude oil, and fossil gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are exhausted when used. They are the primary energy sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in power plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as lead, mercury, metallic cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency assesses how efficiently a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into convertible energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for maximizing renewable energy production and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This expansion is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the share of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power plants built to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a transparent device that refracts light to converge or spread out rays, creating images. It is frequently used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and increase light flow. It boosts the sharpness and illumination of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes counteract each other, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This occurrence generally happens when the waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave over time, enabling effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a tiny component used to change DC from a single solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It improves system performance by optimizing energy production at the module level and eases setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a system where the potential difference and electric flow regularly reverse direction, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is generally used in residences and factories to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical connector used to provide DC power from a power supply to an electronic device. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that guarantee a firm and dependable connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a global protection validation organization that assesses and endorses products to guarantee they adhere to specific protection norms. It assists consumers and businesses identify reliable and protected products through rigorous review and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this setup, the identical current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This arrangement allows devices to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to pass in one way exclusively, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12V, designed to supply electrical energy for multiple devices and accessories inside of a automobile. It permits users to power electronic devices or operate small appliances when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral peripherals to computers, allowing data transmission and power delivery. It backs a wide range of peripherals such as keypads, mice, external storage, and cell phones, with different generations providing faster speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy output and making solar power more cost-effective and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays, each with varied lengths and energy levels. This range is crucial to numerous technological applications and the natural world, allowing communication, medical imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the sun. It serves a important role in such as vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to quantify the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a defined surface, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the spread and transfer of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of different tones or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to depict the spread of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of air with comparatively consistent temp and dampness characteristics, deriving from from particular source regions. These air masses influence climate trends and atmospheric states as they move across diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the energy per unit area received from the Sun in the form of solar rays. It changes with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting weather patterns and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and foreign matter on the exterior of solar panels, which decreases their performance. Consistent upkeep and care are essential to reduce energy decrease and maintain maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage available from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, bypassing the normal load. It poses a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the maximum power output of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak ability to create electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to determine the voltage between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic chemical element necessary for plant development and employed in various industrial uses, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical traits that make it beneficial in producing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic panels to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined practice of employing land for both solar power production and farming, making the most of space and resources. This approach improves crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shelter while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of multiple solar modules configured to create electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to deliver environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a structure that offers shade and protection from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It improves the usability and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a pleasant area for rest and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a target object. It is frequently used in routing, land measurement, and celestial observation to indicate the bearing of an target relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance commonly employed in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates excellent optical characteristics, making it a common choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in promoting solar energy adoption and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to measure big power generation output and consumption. It is typically associated with generating stations, power grids, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in solar PV energy solutions, specializing in producing thin film-based solar modules that provide high efficiency and affordable power output. The firm is dedicated to eco-friendly energy development and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly connecting various elements of factory and automation systems to enhance performance and trustworthiness. It concentrates on creating cutting-edge solutions that facilitate smooth communication and cooperation among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top China's firm focused on manufacturing and innovating solar-powered solar goods and services. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and eco-friendly energy programs within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often used to describe the ability of massive power production or consumption. It emphasizes the vast power magnitude involved in modern power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production drops as cumulative output rises, due to learning curve and improvements achieved over time. This effect highlights the importance of learned skills in lowering costs and enhancing efficiency in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a environmentally friendly, sustainable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the cost of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy sources are cost-effectively competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the primary electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a system of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the sun's rays using PV panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It is a renewable, sustainable, and planet-friendly source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and manufacturing environments to generate green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, offering green energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy goods features a variety of devices that capture sunlight to generate energy, promoting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These products include ranging from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, offering multi-purpose alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses plus reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient solar cells, significantly enhancing energy capture using a compact footprint. This approach works well where bright, direct sunlight and provides a viable solution to cut the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
